ΚΟΚΚΙΝΟΝΕΡΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΩ, ΔΗΛΑΔΗ ΚΩΚΚΙΝΟΝΕΡΟ
- Επί των αιματοφόρων οργάνων, καθότι ερεθίζει, ζωογονεί, μεταβάλλει την ποιότητα και μίξιν του αίματος, ενεργεί δε ιδίως επί του της μήτρας οργανικού συστήματος
- Επί των εκκριτικών οργάνων, εξόχως επί των βλεννομεμβρανών, διότι ενδυναμοί και συστέλλει αυτάς, ελαττώνει τας νοσηράς εκκρίσεις.
- Ενεργεί επί του των μυών και των οστέων συστήματος και ενδυναμώνει τας ίνας.
- Αυξάνει την πλαστικήν δύναμιν εν γένει, την γονιμότητα των γυναικών και ανδρών.
- Ενδυναμώνει τα αισθητήρια, καταπραϋνει την νοσηρώς αυξανόμενην ερεθιστικότητα και αυξάνει την ενέργεια των νεύρων.
- Με μεγίστην επιτυχίαν δυνάμεθα να το μεταχειρισθώμεν εις εκείνας τας νόσους, αίτινες προέρχονται από γενικήν ατονίαν π.χ επί της ατονίας του των μυών και των οργάνων συστήματος, αποτέλεσμα ούσης αλλεπαλλήλων τοκετών και πολυχρονίου θηλάσεως, μεγάλων κενώσεων του αίματος, ιδίως δε εις την χλώρωσιν, την ραχίτιδα και εις άλλας νόσους προερχομένας από αδυναμίαν του νευρικού συστήματος.
- Εις ασθενείας προερχομένας από αδυναμίαν του νευρικού συστήματος, ως από υπέρμετρον ερεθιστικότητα μόνην ή επομένην μετά μεγίστην έκκρισιν των χολών, από κατάχρησιν των αφροδισίων, από ψυχικά πάθη, μελαγχολίαν, παράλυσιν, ατονία των γεννητικών οργάνων, σπασμούς, επιληψίαν.
- Εις ασθενείας του στομάχου και των εντοσθίων προερχομένας από αδυναμίαν, από σπασμούς του στομάχου, διάρροιαν και ελμινθίασιν.
- Εις βλεννορροίας, αιμορραγίας, ιδίως αιμορραγίας της μήτρας, εις υπέρμετρον έκκρισιν του αίματος εκ του των αιμορροϊκών οργάνων συστήματος προερχομένην, εις την λευκόρροιαν, εις κλίσιν προς εξάμβλωσιν και εις βλεννήρησιν.
- Εις τις εμφράξεις της και του των αιμορροίκών οργάνων συστήματος, προερχομένας από αδυναμίαν των ρηθέντων οργάνων.
Ο Χημικός
Δρ. Λάνδερερ
Μία πιο σύγχρονη ανάλυση του νερού της πηγής Κοκκινόνερο, που έγινε από τον Γεωλόγο κ.Σωτήρη Βαρνάβα (στοιχεία από την εργασία του μαζί με τον D.Cronan "Γεωχημεία υδροθερμικών ιζημάτων και νερών από τις περιοχές Νίσυρος-Γυαλί-Κως), έδωσε τα εξής αποτελέσματα, σε NG/ML: Fe (Σίδηρος):1220, Ni (Νικέλιο):0,67, Cu (Χαλκός):0,93, Ag (Άργυρος):1,9, Zn (Ψευδάργυρος):0,52, Cd (Κάδμιο):0,20, Β (Βόριο):1,35, S (Θείο): 320, Mn (Μαγγάνιο):2,5, Al (Αργίλιο): 26, Si (Πυρίτιο): 280, Pb (Μόλυβδος):2,2, P (Φώσφορος):1,54, As (Αρσενικό):0,64, Na (Νάτριο):4, Ti (Τιτάνιο):2, Mg (Μαγνήσιο):17, Ca (Ασβέστιο):82, Sr (Στρόντιο):0,20, V (Βανάδιο):0,81, Cr (Χρώμιο):0,81
*Πρόσφατα στο χώρο του Κοκκινόνερου (στη μάντρα του Θ. Κώστογλου) ανεγέρθηκε μνημείο που επιμελήθηκε και έστησε ο Δαυίδ Χατζηδαυίδ στην μνήμη των: Θεόκριτου Κώστογλου, Ανεζούλας Πατάκου και Σταματίας Περή που εκτελέστηκαν με απαγχονισμό από τους Γερμανούς στις 16 Απριλίου 1945. Στο σημείο που τοποθετήθηκε το μνημείο έγινε η σύλληψη, ενώ η εκτέλεση έγινε στις καμάρες στην πλατεία Πλατάνου όπου υπάρχει μαρμάρινη πλάκα στην μνήμη τους.(Για όλη την ιστορία, δείτε εδώ)
Σχετική ανάρτηση για τον απαγχονισμό των τριών Κώων: «ΚΥΝΗΓΙ» ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΓΝΩΣΗΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ 7η ΜΑΡΤΙΟΥ
ΑΠΑΓΧΟΝΙΣΜΟΙ ΚΩΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΑ ΣΤΡΑΤΕΥΜΑΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΩ, ΣΤΗΝ ΠΛΑΤΕΙΑ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑΣ ΤΟ 1943 ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΛΑΤΕΙΑ ΠΛΑΤΑΝΟΥ ΤΟ 1945 ΚΑΙ ΑΠΩΛΕΙΕΣ ΣΤΟ ΡΙΜΙΝΙ ΤΟ 1944Πηγή: Ιστορία της Νήσου Κω-Βασίλη Σ. Χατζηβασιλείου,
"Οι Ιαματικές Πηγές της Κω" του κ Βασίλη Σ. Χατζηβασιλείου
Οι ιαματικές πηγές της Κω-Βασίλη Σ. Χατζηβασιλείου (Κωακά-Τόμος Ζ', σ.69-72)
Τοπωνυμικά και Ονοματικά της Νήσου Κω- Μιχάλη Ευστ. Σκανδαλίδη (σ.165)
Φωτογραφίες: Sophia Karagianni
Φωτογραφίες: Sophia Karagianni
Ακολουθεί η μετάφραση του κειμένου στα αγγλικά:
Kokkinonero in Kos (literally “Red Water”)
In 2011, just before the group hiking excursions began, a small group of friends and colleagues, along with our families, timidly started exploring Kos, trying to discover its hidden beauties. Together with Thanasis, Eleni, Chrysoula, and Vasilis, we began taking small trips, showing each other what we knew, sharing knowledge, with the ultimate goal of getting to know better the island we live on.
That was when Thanasis first led us to Kokkinonero. The first sight astonished us.
Since then, and for the past ten years, we have visited Kokkinonero dozens of times, under completely different weather conditions, and yet the spectacle never ceases to be magical.
Access is very easy from Osia Melo, since it is only about 150 meters away.
West of Vourinna and south of Agios Soulas spring lies the Kokkinonero mineral spring, whose iron-rich thermal waters, with a temperature of 22°C, flow abundantly. “When drunk,” writes an old source, “it gives off a faint smell of sulfur and a slightly sour, burning taste.” It takes its name from the reddish metallic deposits that color its bed.
According to Iakovos Zarraftis, “The visits for drinking this healing water begin around mid-May and usually end in August, when they are interrupted by the grape harvest; only a few idlers continue until the end of August.”
These visits, he notes, once had a festive character and were made in groups, “and many of the women, upon returning, would still use the traditional respectful greeting to whomever they met along the way: ‘Kokkinonero sends you health and joy.’”
There was even a custom among the townspeople of Chora (Kos Town) to collect this water in bottles and drink it almost daily. Its therapeutic properties seem to have been known even to Hippocrates, as clay pipes (branches of an ancient aqueduct) were found through which the water was channeled toward the Asklepieion.
The Bavarian archaeologist Ludwig Ross, the first Professor of Archaeology at the University of Athens, visited Kos in August 1841 and again in May 1844. Among his many observations, he wrote:
“The city’s irrigation comes from good drinking water that springs from a rich source, the Vourinna. The island is also rich in mineral springs. There is even the water of the Kokkinonero spring, which is sour to the taste and has a diuretic action. There are also warm springs for bathing on the southern coast, which are believed to be part of Nisyros’ volcanic nature.”
The British archaeologist W.R. Paton, who came to Kos in 1888 in search of inscriptions, believed that the Asklepieion might have been located in the area of Kokkinonero.
The proximity of Vourinna Spring to the healing Kokkinonero Spring, which lies on the hills above the church of Panagia tou Tarsou, reinforced Paton’s belief that this might indeed have been the site of the Asklepieion. He wrote:
“I am almost tempted to suppose that this is the site of the Asklepieion.”
Of course, his assumption was later refuted by Rudolf Herzog.
Zarraftis describes the area around Kokkinonero exactly as it appears even today:
“The site, shaded by many tall and large plane trees, offers a delightful view that captivates the hearts of those who see it, combining pleasure with grandeur, and brings to the souls of its visitors a peculiar natural joy and exaltation, awakening a cheerful disposition and appetite.”
As Vasilis Chatzivasileiou suggests in his article “The Thermal Springs of Kos,” the iron-bearing carbonated water of the Kokkinonero spring could and should be further utilized for drinking therapy. Experts note that it strengthens the muscular system of the intestines, facilitates food absorption, and even helps in the treatment of adenopathies, particularly in children.
Skandalidis refers to Kokkinonero as a healing spring west of the Asklepieion, rich in mineral waters, and quotes Zarraftis:
“The bed of the spring is filled with reddish metallic deposits, making the water appear red — hence the name Kokkinonero, as well as the name of the whole area.”
Zarraftis believed the spring to be ancient, near which once stood “a protective temple, perhaps dedicated to Health… which was later replaced by the small chapel of Agia Melou,” though this assumption has not been verified.
Mylonas reveals that about 110 meters above the Kokkinonero spring, among the rocks, traces of a reservoir could be seen, belonging to another spring of similar composition. In the same area, another similar spring bubbled up, along with visible remains of old structures and clay pipes believed to have channeled the water (as mentioned earlier, likely toward the Asklepieion).
At the site where the spring emerges, Neogene deposits (marly limestones) meet Mesozoic limestones, flysch, and volcanic rocks (trachyte, trachyandesite). According to chemical analyses, the spring is classified as a hydrocarbonate acid spring, with a temperature of 22°C and a radioactivity level of about 1 Mache.
The first analysis of the Kokkinonero healing water was carried out by Dr. X. Landerer (1809–1885), Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy at the University of Athens. He confirmed the presence of at least 15 chemical elements in this valuable iron-rich water, which he considered suitable for treating various diseases. Dr. Berer, the personal physician of King Otto, also recommended it for his patients.
According to Dr. Landerer, the water of Kokkinonero was beneficial in the following cases:
On the circulatory organs, because it stimulates, invigorates, and alters the quality and composition of the blood; it acts especially on the uterus.
On the excretory organs, especially on mucous membranes, strengthening and tightening them, reducing morbid secretions.
On the muscular and skeletal systems, strengthening the fibers.
It enhances fertility in both men and women.
It strengthens the senses, soothes excessive irritability, and increases nervous energy.
He further noted that it can be used with great success for conditions caused by general debility — for example, muscle and organ weakness following multiple childbirths or prolonged nursing, excessive blood loss, chlorosis, rickets, and diseases stemming from nervous exhaustion, such as melancholia, paralysis, sexual weakness, spasms, and epilepsy.
It also helps in stomach and intestinal disorders caused by weakness, spasms, diarrhea, or parasitic infections; in catarrhal and uterine hemorrhages, excessive hemorrhoidal bleeding, leucorrhea, predisposition to miscarriage, and glandular obstructions caused by organ weakness.
— The Chemist, Dr. Landerer
A more modern analysis of the Kokkinonero spring water, conducted by Geologist Sotiris Varnavas (as part of a study with D. Cronan, “Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Sediments and Waters from the Nisyros–Gyali–Kos Area”), yielded the following results (in ng/ml):
Fe (Iron): 1220, Ni (Nickel): 0.67, Cu (Copper): 0.93, Ag (Silver): 1.9, Zn (Zinc): 0.52, Cd (Cadmium): 0.20, B (Boron): 1.35, S (Sulfur): 320, Mn (Manganese): 2.5, Al (Aluminum): 26, Si (Silicon): 280, Pb (Lead): 2.2, P (Phosphorus): 1.54, As (Arsenic): 0.64, Na (Sodium): 4, Ti (Titanium): 2, Mg (Magnesium): 17, Ca (Calcium): 82, Sr (Strontium): 0.20, V (Vanadium): 0.81, Cr (Chromium): 0.81.
Recently, at the site of Kokkinonero (in the yard of Th. Kostoglou), a memorial monument was erected by David Chatzidavid in memory of Theokritos Kostoglou, Anezoula Patakou, and Stamatia Peri, who were executed by hanging by the Germans on April 16, 1945. The monument stands at the spot where they were arrested, while their execution took place under the arches in Platanos Square, where a marble plaque now commemorates them. (For the full story, see here.)
